Switches are one of the most common devices in the weak power industry, so how much do yo§u know about switch-related terms? Today take you to understand together!
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1. Switch
Switch is a device used to realize the switched network, in the iSO OSI model, it is located in the second layer - data link layer of equipment≥, can operate on the frame, is an intelligent device.
2. IEEE 802.3
Ethernet standards.
3. IEEE 802.3u
Fast Ethernet standard.
4. IEEE 802.3ab
Gigabit Ethernet (unshielded twisted pair) standard>.
5. IEEE 802.3z
Gigabit Ethernet (optical fiber, copper) standard.
IEEE 802.3x
Flow control standards.
7. IEEE 802.1X
Port-based access control standards.
8. IEEE 802.1q
VLAN standard.
9. IEEE 802.1p
Traffic priority control standard.
10. IEEE 802.1d
Spanning tree protocol
11. Data link layer
Located at the second layer of the ISO/OSI reference model, it is r•esponsible for error-free transmission of one frame of data over the line between nodes÷ through a series of means such as detection, flow control, and retransmission, so that from i♠ts previous layer (the network layer) it appears to be an error-free link.
12. Full and half duplex
In the network, full duplex means that receiving and sending use two independent channels, whiπch can be carried out at the same time without interfering with e®ach other. Half duplex is to receive and send the sa§me channel, at the same time can only send or receive, so half duplex may cause conflicts. The← switch we are talking about is a full-duplex device, and the hub is a half-dupl₩ex device.
13. MAC address
The MAC address is the address used in the media access layer, which is t•he physical address of the network card (LAN node). In the physi₽cal transmission process at the bottom of the network, the host (αLAN node) is identified by the physical address, which is generally unique in the wor♠ld. Nowadays, MAC addresses are generally 6 bytes and 48 bits.
14. IP address
An IP address is a 32-bit address assigned to each host conn★ected to the Internet. Each host can be accessed through an IP address.
15. Auto-Negotiation
The Auto-Negotiation standard ADAPTS the switch to the operating rate and operating mode↑ in the following order: 100M full duplex, 100M half duplex, 10M full duplex, 10M half duple•x.
16. Full duplex flow control
Following the IEEE 802.3x standard, network devices u↔se predefined Pause frames for flow control when the network is congested.
17. Half duplex flow control (Backpressure technology Backpressure)
Based on the IEEE802.3x standard, when the processor finds that the buffer is a£bout to fill up, it sends a false collision signal to the source sta>tion, delays it for a random time, and then continues transmitting. Can relieve and eliminate congestion.
18. Line speed
Theoretical maximum value of data forwarded by the switch.
19. Broadcast storm control
Abnormal phenomenon in which the number of broadcast frames on the networ¶k (as a result of being forwarded) increases dramatically and affects normal network communica€tion. Broadcast storms can occupy a considerable amount o•f network bandwidth and cause the entire network to fail to f>unction properly. Broadcast storm control allows ports to filter br↓oadcast storms that occur on the network. After broadcast storm control is enab₽led, the port automatically discards the received broad₹cast frames when the number of broadcast frames reaches a preset thr eshold. If this function is disabled or the number of broadcast frames does not reach t±he threshold, broadcast frames are normally broadcast to other po•rts on the switch.
20. TRUNK (Port aggregation)
It is often used to aggregate multiple ports together to form a high-ban✘dwidth data transmission channel. The switch treats all ports clustered together as one lo♣gical port.
21. VLAN (VirtualLocal Area Network)
Is a broadcast domain composed of a group of terminal workstations, hosts in t©he same VLAN (switch port) can communicate with each other, it does not need to consider the spec→ific cabling structure can establish a logical working group. Flex¶ible configuration improves system security.
22. Port VLAN
Port-based VLAN: Ports on the same VLAN can communicate with each other.
23. Tag VLAN
Based on IEEE 802.1Q, different vlans are divided b★y VID.
24. VID (VLAN ID)
Id of a VLAN, which is used to represent a Tag VLAN.
25. MTU VLAN
When configuring the VLAN on the switch, the ports occupied by each user and the uplink po•rts are divided into a separate VLAN.
26. MAC address aging time
Each port on the switch has the function of automatically learning addresses. The s®ource addresses (source MAC address and switch port number) of frames sent Ωand received through the port are stored in the address table. ₩Aging time is a parameter that affects the learning process↔ of a switch. The time starts after an address record is added to the address table. ♦If the ports do not receive frames with the source MAC address within the a ging time, these addresses are deleted from the dynamic forwarding address table (consisting∏ of the source MAC address, destination MAC address, and the corresponding switch port number). Static MAC address table is not affected by the address aging ♥time.
27. Static address table
Static MAC addresses are different from learned dynamic MAδC addresses. Once a static address is added, the address remains valid unt il it is deleted and is not subject to the maximum aging time. The sta₽tic address table records the static addresses of ports. A MAC add→ress in a static address table corresponds to a port. If this is set, all£ data sent to this address is forwarded only to this ↓port. Also known as MAC address binding.
28.MAC address filtering
MAC address filtering Allows the switch to filter data frames that are not expected to be forwarded≠. When a restricted MAC address is connected to the switch, the switch automat'ically filters out the frames whose destination address is this ad☆dress for security purposes. The addresses in the filtering address table are valid for all switch∞ ports. An address that has been added to the filtering address table cannot be added to the stδatic address table or dynamically bound to a port.
29. Dynamic MAC address binding
Dynamic address binding means that ports on the switch can dynamically learn MAC addresses in the dynamic address binding state. >However, the number of addresses that can be learned is limited. Whφen a port learns a MAC address, it is bound immediately and learns the next MAC address. The bound address is not limited by the aging time and☆ takes effect all the time. After the port learns a certain number of addresses, it does not learn and bind any more. The MAC address bound by a port is ✔deleted only after the port address binding function ∏is disabled or the switch is restarted.
30. Port security
After port security is enabled on a port, the port does not learn new MAC addresses and forwards✔ only the learned MAC addresses. Other data frames are discarded. If the so≈urce address of the frame sent to the switch is a member of the MAC address tab♦le of the port, the frame can be forwarded. Otherwise, the frame is discarded. When ↑Disable is selected for a port, the port automatically learns a new MAC address an•d forwards received frames.
31. Port bandwidth control
The input/output data transfer rate of each port (except the module port) can be limited by γbandwidth.
32. Port monitoring
Port monitoring replicates the packets from the monitored port to t>he monitoring port. A host installed with the data pa±cket analysis software is connected to the monitor ing port. The network administrator analyzes the collected data packets to mon₽itor the network and rectify network faults.
33. Check cables
When the switch port is connected to a suitable twisted pair, you can test the status of the $twisted pair through the switch to confirm whether there is a problem and where ÷the problem occurs.
34. SNMP
Simple NetworkManagement Protocol (SNMP) is an OSI Layer 7 (applica∞tion layer) protocol used to remotely monitor and configure network devices. SNMP enables n™etwork management workstations to read and modify the Settings of ∑gateways, routers, switches, and other network devices.
35. InternetGroup Management Protocol (IGMP)
IP manages multicast communications through the use of switches, muβlticast routers, and IGMP-enabled hosts. A group of hosts, ✘routers (or switches) communicate multicast data streams with mem•bers belonging to the same multicast group. And all dΩevices in this group use the same multicast group ✘address. IGMP Snooping greatly improves network utilization for application<s such as VOD. In the network, when conducting IP multicast communication fδor a wide variety of multimedia applications, you can reduce unnec↕essary bandwidth usage by setting IGMP on each port of the switc©h.
36. IEEE 802.1D/STP
When the IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol detects loop₹s on the network, loops are automatically disconne•cted. If multiple connections exist between switches, only the mos∏t important connection is enabled, and all other connections are blocked and become standby connections. When the primary connection fails, the spanning tree ™protocol automatically uses the secondary connection to take oλver the primary connection without any manual intervention.
37. IEEE 802.1X authentication protocol
Port-based Access Control Protocol (Port BaseNetwork Access Control Protocol). The protocol architecture ↕is divided into three parts: client, authentication sy£stem and authentication server.
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